misfortune: may apply either to the incident or conjunction of events that is the cause of an unhappy change of fortune or to the ensuing state of distress: never lost hope even in the depths of ~. （incident事件an event or happening，可大可小，如1 an amusing incident一件趣事，2 Lugou Bridge Incident七七卢沟桥事变）  （conjunction事情同时发生，连词，联合，如the police are working in conjunction with tax officers on the investigation警方正和税务官联合调查）


mischance: applies especially to a situation involving no more than slight inconvenience or minor annoyance: took the wrong road by ~.


mishap: applies to a trivial instance of bad luck: the usual ~s that are part of a family vacation.     （hap运气,haps and mishaps of life人生的祸福）


adversity: applies to a state of grave or persistent misfortune: had never experienced much ~ in life.   （grave 1、严重=severe 2、庄重=solemn，和gravity重力引力来自同一个词根GRAV表示weight重量，又如aggravate加重恶化，如military action would only aggravate the situation军事行动只会使局势更严重） 谚语the fire is the test of gold; adversity of strong man烈火试真金，逆境考验男子汉


misfortune不幸: 指不幸的改变或由此带来的痛苦, mischance小麻烦厌烦: 只是稍微有点不方便或厌烦, mishap小意外: 微不足道事情上运气不好, adversity逆境: 指长期的严重不幸

记忆方法：1）首字母MMMA想成一个没德没功没言的人<==不幸   （人生三不朽: 立德立功立言）

         2）不幸的意思是运气不好mean adverse fortune or an instance of this.  （adverse不利的反对的逆风的，如such birds are experts of flight even when the wind is adverse即使是逆风，这种鸟也飞行自如）